Kevin DeYoung / Oct 2, 2016 / Exodus 20:7
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Let’s pray. Oh Lord, the psalmist tells us that you have exalted above all things your name and your word. Help us now, by your Word, to learn to reverence your name. Truly, Father, it is our first and ultimate prayer that you would hallow your name in all the earth. Give us grace to see you as you are and honor you as we should. In Jesus’ name we pray, amen.
‘Tis but thy name that is my enemy:
Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.
What’s Montague? It is nor hand nor foot,
Nor arm nor face, nor any other part
Belonging to a man. O be some other name!
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other word would smell as sweet;
So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d,
Retain that dear perfection which he owes
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name,
and for thy name, which is no part of thee,
Take all myself. William Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet
Those lines, of course, come from Shakespeare’s most famous play, Romeo and Juliet—which I trust you either had to or will have to read at some point in your life. Two star-crossed lovers’ love is forbidden because they come from two rival families. He’s a Montague; she’s a Capulet. It’s sad, but lovely.
Those are beautiful lines, but (as Romeo and Juliet found out) names are not so easily discarded. What’s in a name? More than we might think. While it’s true that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet, would roses be as popular if they were called “corpse flower” or “lung wart” (two actual names for real flowers)?
Parents, you understand that one of the most important things you do for your children is almost the first thing that you do: giving them a name, one that they (most often) will have for the rest of their lives. You take that responsibility very seriously, I hope. You may consult genealogies or family histories; get those thick books of baby names; look at the most popular names of the past year online, either to pick one or to stay away from them altogether; or scour the Bible for new ideas. You’ll look at what the initials will be, to make sure that they don’t say anything odd. You’ll consider every possible angle through which someone might be able to make fun of the name.
We have a son named Jacob. It’s one of the most popular boy names in this country—much more so, it turns out, than Esau. If you have a Jacob, you cannot have another son named Esau.
We always liked the name Joseph, but we chose Benjamin for our sixth. As we were thinking about it, we realized that we already have a Mary. Mary and Joseph is a bit much, even for a pastor’s family.
Peter is a DeYoung family name—it’s my grandfather’s and brother’s name. But you can’t have a Peter, Paul, and Mary, so we had to ditch that idea. These are the sort of things you have to think about, because names matter. What we name our children matters. What we’re called matters.
And it turns out that names also matter to God. This morning, we come to the third commandment. It’s just one verse long:
“You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain. Exodus 20:7
The first commandment prohibited the worship of false gods. We can understand why that’s a big deal. You have to worship the right God. That’s one of the most important commandments because it’s pretty foundational. The second commandment prohibited worshiping God in the wrong way—specifically, making the invisible God visible in ways of our own choosing. We can understand why that’s a big deal as well. If God’s invisible, then he’s the only one who can make himself visible, which he did in the person of Jesus Christ. So the first commandment is foundational, and the second commandment also seems important.
If we’re honest, though, when we come to the third commandment, we think, “This is a little bit lighter: ‘Try to watch what you say. Let’s not swear.’ The third commandment is more or less a good guideline to live by.” But if we think that this is not a serious offense as well, we would be very mistaken. Look at Leviticus 24:16. Granted, this is a civil law for the nation of Israel. It’s no longer the same for us, who are living under a different understanding of the law, but it still speaks to the severity of the commandment:
Whoever blasphemes the name of the LORD shall surely be put to death. All the congregation shall stone him. The sojourner as well as the native, when he blasphemes the Name, shall be put to death. Leviticus 24:16
“Whether you’re a visiting sojourner or a native, you ought to know better. You will not blaspheme the Name in Israel.” That’s how seriously they treated violations of the third commandment.
What the Third Commandment Prohibits
Quite a broad range of things were prohibited in the third commandment. The word “vain”, as it’s rendered in the ESV, can mean “empty”, “nothing”, “worthless”, or “to no good purpose”. Notice that verse 7 says, “You shall not take the name…” You can translate it as “You shall not bear the name…” or “…take up the name…”. In other words, we do not use God’s name carelessly, wickedly, or for wrong purposes. That doesn’t mean that you can’t use the divine name. The name “YHWH”—“the Lord”; the covenant name of God—appears some 7,000 times in the Old Testament, so we don’t need to be superstitious about saying his name. But we must not misuse it.
The Old Testament had a broad category of sins that fell under this prohibition. Most obviously, you could not blaspheme or curse the name of God. We saw that in Leviticus 24. Further, you were not to utter empty or false oaths:
You shall not swear by my name falsely, and so profane the name of your God: I am the Lord. Leviticus 19:20
They utter mere words; with empty oaths they make covenants… Hosea 10:4a
When you make a declaration or oath, swearing by God’s name, let it not be a false oath which you don’t keep or a worthless oath which you don’t intend to observe.
The third commandment also prohibits false visions or prophesies. Jeremiah 23:25 warns against “prophets […] who prophesy lies in my name…”
Strangely enough, sacrificing your children to the false god Molech, which is what the nations did (and the Israelites also occasionally followed that detestable practice), was considered a violation of the third commandment:
You shall not give any of your children to offer them to Molech, and so profane the name of your God: I am the LORD. Leviticus 18:21
A person who did these things would make the sanctuary unclean. If you did not stone a man who sacrificed his children to Molech, you would be cut off. It was considered a serious, severe offense to profane the name of the Lord in the camp by sacrificing your children in this way. “You are considered God’s treasured possession, and these children ought to be your treasured possession.”
To unlawfully touch the holy things was also a violation of the third commandment:
“Speak to Aaron and his sons so that they abstain from the holy things of the people of Israel, which they dedicate to me, so that they do not profane my holy name: I am the LORD. Leviticus 22:2
Jeremiah said that if you put detestable things in the sanctuary, that defamed the name of God, which rested upon the temple. Malachi 1 says that when priests cut corners in their sacrifices, that was a violation of the name.
In 2 Chronicles and Deuteronomy, we read that sorcery is a violation of this commandment. Why sorcery? In sorcery, you call upon the name of the Lord as if you can manipulate his power through words or incantations. This very thing happens in Acts 19. These guys named “the Sons of Sceva” see Paul doing a bunch of fantastic things in the name of Jesus, so they go up to the evil spirits and say, “By the name of Jesus, which Paul proclaims, whiz bang!” They expect them to listen because they can call upon the name. They’re overpowered, of course, because that’s not how the name works. It’s not a magical charm, good luck bracelet, amulet, or incantation that you say. To think that you can throw around the name of the Lord and get what you want is to violate the third commandment. In other words, there were many ways to violate this commandment. It had a broad array of applications.
Why is this so Serious?
Shouldn’t violating this commandment be something where you can say, “Oops, slip of the tongue. Sorry. I’ll try to do better next time”? Why would this be treated so seriously? I mean, there are 10 commandments—10 things that you can tell people that boil down all of the commandments (what it means to really love God and your neighbor)—and one of the 10 is “Watch your lips”? Why is this so important?
I hope you still have your Bible open to Exodus. Let’s look at a couple passages. Go back to Exodus 3. This is foundational for all the commandments (this one in particular):
Then Moses said to God, “If I come to the people of Israel and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’ what shall I say to them?” God said to Moses, “I AM WHO I AM.” And he said, “Say this to the people of Israel: ‘I AM has sent me to you.’” Exodus 3:13-14
If you remember my sermon on that passage, I argued that “YHWH” has some sort of connection to the Hebrew verb for “to be” or “I am”. It speaks to God in his sovereign self-existence. He is that he is. His name speaks to the sum of his person, character, and essence.
Let me show you one other example. Exodus 33:
Moses said, “Please show me your glory.” Exodus 33:18
Now how he says “show”. He wants to see it.
And he said, “I will make all my goodness pass before you and will proclaim before you my name ‘The LORD.’ Exodus 33:19a
Isn’t that interesting? Moses says, “Show me your glory. I want to see it.” And the Lord says, “I’ll let you see it by speaking. I can’t be seen, but I’ll proclaim my name, YHWH, and that will be my glory passing by.”
The LORD passed before him and proclaimed, “The LORD, the LORD, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, but who will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children and the children’s children, to the third and the fourth generation.” And Moses quickly bowed his head toward the earth and worshiped. Exodus 34:6-8
God showed himself by speaking his name.
Our name is not tangential to our being. It marks and identifies us. Over time, as people get to know us, our name embodies who we are. Think of someone whom you love very deeply—your child, grandchild, friend, or spouse. When someone says the name “Trisha”, I get lots of good thoughts in my head—especially if you spell it correctly, with an “sh”—because I can’t separate my wife from her name. A whole flood of emotions, experiences, sights, and sounds come to me with it.
We don’t like to have our names ridiculed, twisted, or made fun of. I have a name that’s fairly difficult to make fun of, although I’m sometimes called “Heavenly Kevin Lee” (my middle name is “Lee”), but I’m okay with that. I think I’ve mentioned before that when I went to seminary, “DeYoung” (which is such a common name among Dutch people) was a very strange name in Massachusetts. My friends thought my last name was “Dion”, so the nickname that they still call me to this day is “Celine”. They’ll still say that to my face, so I’ve gotten used to it. But don’t do that. If you’re going to do one, do “Heavenly Kevin Lee,” not “Celine”.
My wife told me (though she probably doesn’t want me to tell you) that when she was running for some school office, people made signs saying, “Vote for Trisha and she’ll kiss ya.” That’s no longer the case! Your name matters.
As the tradition developed later, Judaism would not permit people to say the name. As we’ve already seen, the divine name is used in Scripture, so that was a bit too superstitious. But it does tell you how much they revered the name of YHWH. Everywhere in Scripture, the name of the Lord is exalted in the highest possible terms.
O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the earth! Psalm 8:1a
Ascribe to the Lord the glory due his name; Psalm 29:2a
The first petition of the Lord’s Prayer is “…hallowed be your name.” The apostles proclaimed that “there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved.” Paul assured the Romans that “everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.” The culminating event in all of Creation is when “at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” All of creation will culminate in the recognition of the name. This is pretty important.
How Should we Apply the Commandment?
The Westminster Larger Catechism gives quite a list of applications for this. Are you ready for them?
The sins forbidden in the third commandment are, the not using of God’s name as is required; and the abuse of it in an ignorant, vain, irreverent, profane, superstitious, or wicked mentioning, or otherwise using his titles, attributes, ordinances, or works, by blasphemy, perjury; all sinful cursings, oaths, vows, and lots; violating of our oaths and vows, if lawful; and fulfilling them, if of things unlawful; murmuring and quarreling at, curious prying into, and misapplying of God’s decrees and providences; misinterpreting, misapplying, or any way perverting the Word, or any part of it, to profane jests, curious or unprofitable questions, vain janglings, or the maintaining of false doctrines; abusing it, the creatures, or anything contained under the name of God, to charms, or sinful lusts and practices; the maligning, scorning, reviling, or anywise opposing of God’s truth, grace, and ways; making profession of religion in hypocrisy, or for sinister ends; being ashamed of it, or a shame to it, by unconformable, unwise, unfruitful, and offensive walking, or backsliding from it. The Westminster Larger Catechism – Question 113
That’s a good list, but let’s try a simpler approach. We violate the third commandment when we take up the name of God, his titles (God, the Son of God, and the Holy Spirit), or any of his names given in Scripture in the service of what is false, frivolous, or phony.
Violation 1: God’s Name in Service of Falsehood
As we’ve already seen from the Old Testament, this violation includes perjury—lying under oath, where you solemnly swear that you will “tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God.”
We also profane God’s name by accusing him of things that are false. There is certainly a right, Scriptural way to lament and cry out: “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” But to be angry with God, or (as some will tell you) to forgive God, as if he had sins or crimes against you, is to call into question his works and character, and so profane his name.
To call on God’s name in order to manipulate a situation for us, or so that he might lend his power to our godless plans (as in sorcery), would also falsify the name of God.
Maybe this will hit closer to home: if we use the name of God to ascribe a false sense of authority to our ideas, plans, or opinions, we violate the third commandment. Some political matters are prudential. They take study, and people come to different conclusions about how best to address the problem. But when say that there is only one godly approach to a particular matter, we run the risk of violating the third commandment by using God’s name to give a sense of authority where it may not belong—by unreservedly putting God’s name and stamp of approval on our plans, as if they were his revealed will. Be careful with the phrase “God told me to do this”, as in “God said that we’re supposed to get married.” “Hmm, I didn’t get that message.”
When we were in the throes of raising money for a building, we didn’t know if we were going to buy land and build a building. Then the Lord opened a door for us to purchase this and renovate it. But as pastors and elders, we tried very hard not to say, “Well, we’re your elders, we prayed about it, and this is what God wants us to do. Either get in line and give some money, or you’re disobeying the Lord.” That’s not fair. Instead, we tried to say things like, “We’ve sought the Lord and looked at the best information that we can. Altogether, we feel as if this is the right move for us and our church. Here’s how it can be pleasing to God.” How you say it is very important. Claiming to hear the voice of God where he has not spoken is a violation of third commandment.
Phillip Ryken says this in his commentary:
A more serious way to break the third commandment is by using God’s name to advance our own agenda. Some Christians say, “The Lord told me to do this.” Or worse, they say, “The Lord told me to tell you to do this.” This is false prophecy! God has already said whatever he needs to say to us in his Word. Of course, there is also an inward leading of the Holy Spirit. But this is only an inward leading, and it should not be misrepresented as an authoritative word from God. Phillip Ryken – “Exodus: Saved for God’s Glory”
When you say, “This is what God has said”—or, in order to make things more personal, “Here’s a special word that Jesus has for you today”—and that word is not from Scripture, or supersedes or is in addition to Scripture, you’re ascribing the name of God to your own words, plans, and ideas when it does not belong there.
Sometimes you’ll see this in denominations. They may be well-meaning, but they’ll say, “Let’s get together and write some sort of Pentecost letter, just as Jesus did to the churches in Revelation. We’ll write as Jesus would write to the churches of such and such a denomination.” I understand the exercise. “What might God want to say to us?” But when you put it in the language of Scripture, as if Jesus himself were speaking, you give it an authority that belongs only to Scripture. It’s taking up the name of God in the service of what is false. Even if some of the things which are said are true, it’s falsely ascribing an authority to it that it does not have. It violates the third commandment.
Violation 2: God’s Name in Service of Frivolity
The third commandment is violated when we take up the name of God in the service of something frivolous. For example, Scripture warns against the vain repetition of the Lord’s name:
“And when you pray, do not heap up empty phrases as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard for their many words. Matthew 6:7
This is not to make every young Christian who is just learning how to pray fearful, or to make our children fearful as they try to express themselves and learn what it is to pray. They’re bound to be inarticulate in doing so. It’s not even about using the Lord’s name with some repetition. “Lord have mercy on me. Oh Lord, please.” Jesus himself said on the cross, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” So this isn’t a mathematical formula—“You said God’s name two times in a row, so you’re out.”
What it’s arguing against is heaping up phrases and names as if it would make us impressive, or praying in a mindless and careless way. We’ve all probably heard prayers made this way. If we’re honest, we’ve prayed some prayers like this ourselves. I’m giving this just as an example, so I trust that it’s not violating the commandment: “Dear God, we just come to you, God. Lord, you’re so awesome. Father, you died on the cross, Lord, and we just can’t help but love and praise you, Spirit.” It’s like the Trinity is getting all jumbled up. We’re just heaping up words, using the divine name as a comma instead of breathing as we pray.
As I was thinking this week, I felt convicted. With prayers around the dinner table, where there’s utter chaos getting kids to sit still and eat, or at bedtime, when I’m at my wit’s end, I was convicted of how careless I can be. “Okay, I’ll get in there, say the divine name, and just have a prayer,” as if I’m not speaking to God. I think God is probably patient with three-year-olds who can’t sit still, but less so with parents who don’t have the patience to pray with their mind and heart set right. It would be better not to pray at a meal than to take a quick rush through it and move on to the next thing.
Certainly, using the name in a frivolous way would include using the names of God, the Lord, or Jesus Christ as a curse word. Granted, modern cursing is somewhat different than Old Testament cursing, which was deliberate blasphemy. In our day, it’s usually more of a bad habit than a studied rejection of God. But it still says something about your attitude toward God if you can speak his name lightly and carelessly. We’re talking about our creator and Savior, the name of whom should not be used flippantly or in a casual expression of shock, outrage, or anger.
So, no uses of “Jesus Christ” to punctuate a frustrating experience. My parents were very careful: “You don’t say that. You don’t say ‘jeez’. You don’t shorten it down. You don’t do anything that uses the name of Jesus as a curse word.” Think of how often we hear “Oh my God!” on TV or in the YouTube clips that we watch. It just filters into our own way of speaking. Unless you’re truly calling upon God, expressing your lamentation to him or calling upon his name, it’s a violation of the third commandment. I’d even do away with OMG. Improper slang can change over time and by culture, but if we care about the honor of God, we will not want to see his name dishonored or flippantly used.
I was reading one of my commentaries, which told the story of a pastor who was flying on a plane. He was hearing the men sitting behind him, and every other sentence was something like “to hell with this” or “Jesus Christ that”, and on and on. The pastor finally had enough, and he turned around and said, “Are you two in the ministry?” They said, “No, of course not.” He said, “Well, I’m a pastor, and I’ve heard you say, ‘Jesus Christ’, ‘damn’, and ‘hell’ in the past two sentences. I can’t get all of that into a single sermon!” They were embarrassed and shame-faced, and decided to speak differently. I don’t think that would necessarily happen if you tried it today.
Calvin says that we must not use God’s word or name for the purpose of our own ambition, avarice, or amusement. People who peddle the word of God for profit, go into the ministry for riches, or write Christian books and speak at conferences because they’re greedy for gain are violating the third commandment—and probably other commandments too!—as are those who think, “I can redo this old Christian song, but with my own tack on it and CCLI license on it. Then I can make money every time a church sings ‘Amazing Grace’!” That would be a violation of the third commandment.
A joking, light-hearted approach to the Lord’s name is inappropriate. This is one that I’ve often been struck by. I like to crack jokes. I like to laugh at myself—and if you let me, I might like to laugh at you too. I think it’s fine to laugh at all of the foibles we human beings have. Because the church is full of human beings, Christians are going to do funny things. All of that is human and natural, and jokes can be appropriate.
But not joking about God or Christ—using their names in a punch line or joke. Would you go into an African-American community on Martin Luther King Jr. Day and start by saying, “So MLK walks into a bar”? No! Would you casually make 9/11 or Auschwitz jokes? No! We understand that there are some things that are set apart. There is a gravity and seriousness to them. Surely that’s the case with the name of God. There is no place for flippancy or irreverent sloganeering.
I saw a Christian t-shirt one time that said, “This blood’s for you.” Come on! Or think of the way that we use Christian clichés in a jocular way. We just shout out “Praise the Lamb!”, “Oh Sweet Jesus!”, or “Hallelujah!” You might say that in a very sarcastic way when a car in front of you turns at the light: “Oh, Hallelujah!” Do you know what “hallelujah” means? It’s the Hebrew way of saying “Praise the Lord!” “-jah” is short for YHWH.
I find myself falling foul of these things, and I imagine that you do to. When we come to the third commandment, we think, “Okay, at least we aren’t getting into the coveting commands or some of those others. I’ll take a vacation that week. But God’s name? I don’t swear.” We’re entirely too casual and flippant about using the name of God, taking it upon us in a false or frivolous way.
Violation 3: God’s Name in Service of that which is Phony
This violation speaks of things like careless and hypocritical worship. We’re human. We get distracted. You’re singing a song in church, and your mind wanders. That’s bound to happen. But don’t keep saying these great truths, these words about Jesus, while not meaning or giving thought to them. I always trembled when I was in my college’s chapel choir. We sang these absolutely beautiful pieces of choral music, almost all of which had to do with sacred texts in some way—and I knew that most of the people in that choir didn’t believe any of it. They casually spoke things that they didn’t believe.
I imagine that many of our politicians violate the third commandment daily, using God’s names or titles in a perfunctory or insincere manner, by ending a speech with, “God bless you, and God bless America.” It’s uttered with insincerity, as a mere trite formula.
As Christians, we sin every time we besmirch the name by which we’re called. We must act, think, feel, and speak in a way that’s proper for those who are called by the holy name of Jesus.
Their ways before me were like the uncleanness of a woman in her menstrual impurity. So I poured out my wrath upon them… [18a] I scattered them among the nations… [19a] [21] But I had concern for my holy name, which the house of Israel had profaned among the nations to which they came.
“Therefore say to the house of Israel, Thus says the Lord GOD: It is not for your sake, O house of Israel, that I am about to act, but for the sake of my holy name, which you have profaned among the nations to which you came. And I will vindicate the holiness of my great name… Ezekiel 36:17b-18a, 19a, 21-23a
So we go into the great passage in Ezekiel where the Spirit blows through, making the dry bones live, putting a spirit within them, and turning their skeletons into living flesh. God says, “I don’t ultimately do that for your sake, but for mine. You have gone by my name, and the way that you’re acting and living profanes my name. You need to change.”
…if my people who are called by my name humble themselves, and pray… 2 Chronicles 7:14a
And in Antioch the disciples were first called Christians. Acts 11:26b
Sometimes people get in a particular funk, saying, “I’m a Jesus follower,” “a disciple of the Messiah,” “a Jesus person,” or “a follower of the way.” They’ll do anything to avoid saying the word “Christian”. I get it. There are lots of Christians who do silly things in the name of Christianity. But it’s never a good thing to be ashamed of the name “Christian”—of being called by our family name as we’re joined together with our older brother, God’s Son, Jesus Christ.
Think of your baptism, whether it was as an infant or an adult. Among other things, it was a naming ceremony. You were baptized “in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit…” The triune name was put upon you. We violate the third commandment when we say, “Yes, I’m a Christian. I’m a baptized member of the church, given the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit”, and then live as if it were not the case.
That’s why the Old Testament says to stone the blasphemer. That’s why the New Testament says to exercise church discipline. It’s for the good of the offender, but also to promote the purity of the church and vindicate the honor of the Lord Jesus Christ. When you do church discipline, you say, “Here is someone who, in our estimation, though they go by the name of Christ, we cannot call them a Christian any longer.” It’s because his name is so precious to us.
In everything we do, we want to honor and reference that name. We cannot slap it onto our own agenda or put it where it does not belong. We will not allow it to be given to those who do not live by all that it means. “Honor my name by how you walk and talk, or no longer associate with my name.” We violate the third commandment when we take up the service of that which is phony.
The worst thing that can be phony about us is us. That may be where some of us are there this morning: “I’m a Christian. I sing these songs and say these prayers—but it ain’t true.” How we’re living profanes the name by which we were called. We thought it was just a little thing—or maybe, “I’ll get my life cleaned up later. I’ll get serious about Jesus when I get married someday—or maybe after the kids are gone I’ll do this later.” Friend, if you’re called by that holy name now, then that’s your obligation, both now and forever.
We can summarize everything that the third commandment enjoins upon us by the words of Colossians 3:17. We’ve seen what we’re not to do, negatively. Do you want to get it positively? Here’s the third commandment, New Testament version:
And whatever you do, in word or deed, do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him. Colossians 3:17
That may just sound like a throwaway line. But what does it mean to be a Christian? To do everything—words, deeds, feelings, thoughts, and whatever you do—in the holy, precious name of Jesus, which we value above all other names.
Let’s pray. Our Father in heaven, may your name be hallowed in all the earth. Start here—with this church, this pastor, and our hearts and lives. We pray that we who are called by the holy name of Christ will not profane that name. Insofar as we have violated this commandment, we pray that we would find forgiveness and strength to live in that name in whatever we do and say henceforth. Amen.
Transcription and editing provided by 10:17 Transcription
Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.